土壤作为全球生态系统中最大的碳库，其碳组分变化对全球碳循环有重要作用。土壤盐碱化近年来成为影响草地土壤碳循环的重要因素。松嫩草地对我国绿色生态、畜牧业和商品粮发展具有重要意义，近年来由于气候变化和人类活动，土壤盐碱化严重，并且严重影响了土壤碳循环。目前关于松嫩草地盐碱化治理和碳循环研究多集中在空间变化，关于生长季变化对土壤盐碱化治理和碳循环的影响较少。本研究以松嫩平原不同盐碱退化程度草地为研究对象，分析草地不同生长季（5月、7月、10月）下0-10 cm、10-20 cm、20-30 cm土层土壤不同碳组分分布特征及变化规律，采用冗余分析（RDA）探明土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性与碳组分变化关系；利用宏基因组学揭示土壤微生物群落丰度、多样性和功能基因变化，最后结合地上植被特征、土壤理化性质和酶活性，通过结构方程模型（SEM）揭示松嫩盐碱退化草地碳组分和微生物不同生长季变化机制。本研究的主要结果如下：

各个土层土壤有机碳（SOC）、轻组有机碳（LFOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、矿物结合有机碳（MOC）在不同生长季的变化规律均表现为5月>10月>7月，土壤重组有机碳（HFOC）的变化规律表现为5月>7月>10月，且都随着盐碱程度的增加而降低，上述各指标均在5月轻度盐碱退化草地的0-10 cm土层的含量最高。表明在5月生长期的表层土壤更有利于上述碳组分含量的增加，但盐碱化增加会降低上述各指标的含量。各个土层微生物量碳（MBC）和土壤δ¹³C在不同生长季的变化规律则表现为7月>10月>5月，并都随着盐碱程度的增加而降低，在7月轻度盐碱退化草地的0-10 cm土层的含量最高，表明7月生长季更有利于MBC和δ¹³C含量的增加，但盐碱化增加会降低上述各指标的含量。

（2）各个土层土壤过氧化氢酶（CAT）、纤维素酶（CE）、蔗糖酶（INV）、土壤多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性在不同生长季的变化规律表现为在7月生长季最高，且除PPO以外均随着盐碱程度的增加而降低，PPO随着盐碱程度的增加而增加，表明7月生长季更有利于上述酶活性的增加，盐碱化增加只会则增加PPO活性。各个土层木质素酶（LIP）和β-葡萄糖苷酶（β-glu）活性的变化规律表现为随着盐碱程度的增加而降低，LIP在不同生长季的变化规律表现为5月>7月>10月，β-glu在不同生长季没有明显规律。

（3）土壤微生物门水平丰度中，假单胞菌门（Pseudomonadota）、放线菌门（Actinomycetota）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）为优势菌门，在各个土层变化规律均表现为在7月丰度最高，随着土壤盐碱程度的增加而降低。土壤微生物Alpha多样性中，Chao1、辛普森、香农指数均随着盐碱程度升高而降低，并且在7月的指数最高。土壤微生物Beta多样性中，主坐标分析（PCoA）显示，各个土层中不同盐碱程度和生长季对土壤微生物多样性有明显影响。RDA分析表示在各土层中电导率（EC）和pH与土壤微生物呈负相关，CAT和INV与土壤碳组分和微生物指标呈正相关，7月与土壤微生物和碳组分指标呈正相关。说明盐碱化会降低土壤微生物丰度、Alpha多样性和Beta多样性，CAT和INV有利于土壤碳循环，7月生长季更有利于土壤微生物积累。

（4）宏基因组功能基因预测表明，土壤盐碱化会降低碳固定的关键功能基因（rcbL、mct、pccA、frdA）和土壤碳降解相关基因（pug、chiA、naglu、amyA、gcd、glx、xylA）相对丰度，减弱土壤碳循环，生长季推进会提高碳降解相关基因的相对丰度，促进土壤碳循环。

（5）SEM分析表明，在各个土层中，土壤盐碱化和生长季均通过影响地上植物生长、土壤理化性质、酶活性，从而影响土壤碳组分的含量，进而引起土壤微生物物种多样性和微生物功能基因多样性变化，土壤盐碱化主要起到负向作用，生长季主要起到正向作用。

综上所述，在7月生长季的轻度盐碱退化草地中碳组分含量和微生物多样性最高，pH和EC对土壤碳组分的负影响最为明显，土壤CAT和INV可以促进土壤碳循环，土壤微生物主要通过假单胞菌门（Pseudomonadota）、放线菌门（Actinomycetota）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）和rbcL基因来促进碳组分的积累和固定。本研究结果对于理解草地土壤碳循环调控机制具有重要意义，为预测土壤碳组分动态变化以及改善松嫩平原盐碱草地固碳功能提供了科学依据。

As the largest carbon reservoir in the global ecosystem, changes in the carbon fraction of soils play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Soil salinity has become an important factor affecting the carbon cycle in grassland soils in recent years. The Songnen grassland, which is of great significance to the development of green ecology, animal husbandry and commercial grains in China, has suffered serious soil salinisation in recent years as a result of climate change and human activities, and has seriously affected the soil carbon cycle. Current research on salinity management and carbon cycling in Songnen grassland focuses mostly on spatial changes, and less on the effects of growing season changes on soil salinity management and carbon cycling. In this study, we took grassland with different degrees of saline and alkaline degradation in the Songnen Plain as the research object, analysed the distribution characteristics and changing rules of different carbon fractions of soil in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers under different growing seasons of the grassland (May, July and October), and used redundancy analysis (RDA) to explore the relationship between soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities and changes in carbon fractions. Macrogenomics was used to reveal the abundance, diversity and functional gene changes of soil microbial communities, and finally the mechanism of changes in carbon fractions and microorganisms in different growing seasons of Songnen saline degraded grassland was revealed by structural equation modelling in combination with aboveground vegetation characteristics, soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities. The key findings of this study are as follows:

The patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC), light group organic carbon (LFOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-bound organic carbon (MOC) in different growing seasons were May > October > July, and the patterns of soil recombinant organic carbon (HFOC) were May > July > October, and all of them decreased with the increase of salinity degree, and all of the above indexes decreased with the increase of salinity degree in May. The content of the 0-10 cm soil layer of the mildly saline degraded grassland was the highest. It was shown that the topsoil during the growing season in May was more favourable for the increase in the content of the above carbon fractions, but the increase in salinity reduced the content of each of the above indicators. The variation patterns of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil δ¹³C in each soil layer in different growing seasons were July > October > May, and both decreased with the increase of salinity, and the highest content was found in the 0-10 cm soil layer of the mildly saline degraded grassland in July, which indicated that the growing season in July was more conducive to the increase of the content of MBC and δ¹³C, but the increase of salinisation would reduce the above indicators' content.

Soil catalase (CAT), cellulase (CE), sucrase (INV) and soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in different growing seasons showed the highest activity change pattern in the July growing season, and all except PPO decreased with the increase of salinity, and PPO increased with the increase of salinity, which indicated that the July growing season was more conducive to the increase of the above enzymes, and the increase of salinity would only increase the PPO activity. Increased salinity will only increase PPO activity. The changing patterns of ligninase (LIP) and β-glucosidase (β-glu) in each soil layer showed that they decreased with the increase of salinity, LIP showed that the changing pattern of LIP in different growing seasons was May>July>October, and there was no obvious pattern of β-glu in different growing seasons.

In the horizontal abundance of soil microbial phyla, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota and Acidobacteriota were the dominant phyla, and the pattern of change in each soil layer was that the highest abundance was found in July, and decreased with the increase of soil salinity. Redundancy analysis (RDA) analysis indicated that conductivity (EC) and pH were negatively correlated with soil microorganisms in all soil horizons, while CAT and INV were positively correlated with soil carbon fractions and microbiological indicators, and July was positively correlated with soil microbiological and carbon fractions indicators. It indicates that salinity has a negative effect on soil microbial abundance, Alpha diversity and Beta diversity, CAT and INV are favourable to soil carbon cycling, and the July growing period is more favourable to soil microbial accumulation.

Macrogenomic functional gene prediction showed that soil salinity decreases the relative abundance of key functional genes for carbon fixation (rcbL, mct, pccA, frdA) and soil carbon degradation-related genes (pug, chiA, naglu, amyA, gcd, glx, xylA) and attenuates soil carbon cycling, and that advancing growing seasons increase carbon degradation-related genes and promote soil carbon cycling.

Structural equation modelling analyses showed that in all soil layers, both soil salinity and growing season affect the content of soil carbon fractions by influencing aboveground plant growth, soil physicochemical properties, and enzyme activities, which in turn cause changes in the diversity of soil microbial species and the diversity of functional microbial genes, with soil salinity playing a predominantly negative role and the growing season playing a predominantly positive role.

In summary, the highest carbon content and microbial diversity were observed in mildly saline degraded grassland during the July growing season, the most obvious negative effects of pH and EC on soil carbon fraction were observed, soil CAT and INV could promote soil carbon cycling, and soil microorganisms promoted the accumulation and fixation of carbon fractions mainly through the genes of Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota and rbcL. genes to promote the accumulation and fixation of carbon components.The results of this study are of great significance for understanding the regulation mechanism of carbon cycle in grassland soil, and provide a scientific basis for predicting the dynamic changes of soil carbon components and improving the carbon sequestration function of saline-alkali grassland in Songnen Plain.

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